More than half of Afghan primary school-age children out of school: UN report

More than half of Afghanistan’s primary school-age children remain outside formal education, while more than 2.6 million girls are unable to continue their studies beyond the sixth grade, according to a new report by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and UNICEF.

The report, titled Afghanistan Education Situation 2026, warns that the country’s education system is struggling to meet growing demand amid population growth, recurring emergencies, insufficient investment and the large-scale return of Afghan migrants from Pakistan and Iran.

According to the report, Afghanistan’s school-age population, comprising children and young people aged seven to 18, increased from approximately 10.4 million in 2019 to 11.5 million in 2024, putting additional pressure on schools, teachers and education services.

More than one million Afghans returned from neighbouring countries this year, including over 245,000 children, further increasing the demand for educational services.

The report highlights significant disparities in access to education, particularly for girls, noting that more than 2.6 million girls have been unable to attend school beyond grade six since August 2021.

It says alternative learning opportunities, including community-based classes, literacy programmes, distance education and private tutoring, remain insufficient to meet the educational needs of teenage girls.

Although around 5,300 community-based classes provide learning opportunities to approximately 162,000 students, with girls accounting for 64 percent of participants, the UN agencies stress that these programmes cannot replace formal, in-person education.

The report also points to declining school participation among boys, estimating that around 53 percent of primary school-age children are currently outside formal general education. Participation rates at lower and upper secondary levels stand at 67 percent and 79 percent, respectively.

Despite these challenges, Afghan families continue to seek educational opportunities for their children.

Around 6.6 million children enrolled in public primary schools last year, approximately 560,000 more than in 2022. However, the report says enrolment growth has not kept pace with the increasing school-age population.

It also raises concerns about the quality of education, noting that a nationwide assessment found fewer than half of fourth-grade students had achieved minimum proficiency in language skills.

Meanwhile, Afghanistan’s higher education sector remains significantly smaller than before 2021. Around 208,000 students are enrolled in universities this year, compared with 189,000 in 2024 and approximately 430,000 in 2020.

UNESCO and UNICEF have called for the full restoration of girls’ and women’s right to education and increased investment in teachers, learning materials and education services.

The agencies warn that without urgent action to address the challenges facing the sector, an entire generation of Afghans risks being left behind, with serious consequences for the country’s future recovery and development.