The Hairatan railway port in northern Afghanistan receives between 280 and 300 freight wagons daily from Central Asian countries, highlighting its growing role in connecting Afghanistan to regional and international markets.

The 75-kilometer Hairatan–Mazar-e-Sharif railway links Afghanistan with Uzbekistan and provides a key route for transporting goods from Central Asia, China and other international markets into the landlocked country.

Sayed Qadim Karimi, head of railway transportation at Hairatan port, told China’s Xinhua news agency that trade activity had increased this year, with an average of 280 to 300 wagons arriving at the port each day.

He said the railway transports a wide range of goods to Afghanistan, including clothing, medical equipment, machinery and electrical equipment, adding that trade with China had expanded in recent years.

Afghan traders say the railway connection has helped strengthen commercial ties with China and other regional countries while making it easier to transport imported goods.

“We transport our goods from China by freight train via Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and receive them at Hairatan port,” businessman Ahmad Agha told Xinhua.

Agha said trade with Chinese businesses offered promising opportunities and expressed hope that further railway development would strengthen commercial ties with Kazakhstan, Russia and European countries.

He added that rising cargo volumes had created employment opportunities for local residents, with hundreds of workers handling containers at the port daily to support their families.

Another Afghan businessman, Ahmad Farid Fardan, who imports women’s clothing and colorful fabrics from China, said the railway connection had strengthened trade relations between the two countries.

Fardan expressed hope that expanding railway networks would help Afghanistan broaden its trade and economic relations with China and other countries in the region.

The railway’s role in China-Afghanistan trade dates back to 2016, when the first cargo train from China reached Hairatan as part of a pilot project. In 2019, Afghanistan sent its first export train to China, carrying several containers of talc powder.

The Hairatan railway remains an important transport link for Afghanistan’s import and export activities, offering access to regional markets and broader trade networks extending to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, China and Europe.

NASA’s robotic Perseverance rover has now driven farther than any other vehicle on the surface of any world ​other than Earth, racking up 28.1 miles (45.2 km) since arriving on Mars in 2021, the US space agency said on Tuesday.

The car-sized, ‌six-wheeled rover reached the milestone 5-1/2 years into its mission to explore if conditions conducive to microbial life ever existed on Earth’s neighbor, Reuters reported.

In doing so, it is visiting some of the most ancient terrain ever encountered in the solar system.

“Perseverance’s engineering hardware and instruments are in excellent shape with all redundant systems still available,” Steven Lee of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in ​California, told Reuters.

“A recent assessment of all systems concluded that they are capable of operating well into the 2030s, likely beyond,” added Lee, the ​project manager for NASA’s two Mars rovers, Perseverance and Curiosity.

Perseverance has exceeded the previous figure of 28.06 miles (45 km) driven ⁠on the Martian surface by NASA’s Opportunity rover from 2004 to 2018. Both also exceeded the driving distances of any lunar rover.

TRAVERSING JEZERO CRATER

Perseverance, with its ​suite of scientific instruments, has focused on the Jezero Crater, a region in the northern hemisphere of Mars believed to have been flooded with water and ​home to a lake basin billions of years ago.

The rover set the milestone in a journey toward an area called Idubi, through the region off the crater’s western rim nicknamed Lac de Charmes.

Its companion rover, Curiosity, rolls along in the Gale Crater near the Martian equator.

Perseverance is showing no signs of slowing down, Lee added.

Its mobility system mechanisms are being tested to ​show it can drive 100 km (62 miles) or more, he said, with the hardware to be tested to the equivalent of 150 km to 300 km (93 ​miles to 186 miles) in the effort.

NASA attributed a major role in Perseverance’s success to its self-driving capability, an autonomous navigation system called AutoNav. Lee said 90% of its ‌drives are ⁠done autonomously, with no human intervention.

“Perseverance takes stereo images of the terrain ahead, generates a 3D software map, and selects the safest path towards a drive goal,” he said.

Another key component is the Vision Compute Element, a fast co-processor computer that allows the rover to process images and run its self-driving software very quickly, almost continuously during drives, Lee added.

That contrasts with previous rovers, which needed to pause to “think” before each drive segment, he said.

“Perseverance builds on the 29-year legacy of ​our past Mars rovers — Sojourner, Spirit, ​Opportunity and Curiosity — each incorporating prior ⁠lessons and improving our ability to drive on another world,” Lee said.

POTENTIAL BIOSIGNATURE

Lee said the rover’s biggest achievement was almost certainly its discovery, unveiled last year, of a potential biosignature, or possible sign of ancient microbial life.

This was found in reddish ​rock believed to have formed 3.2 billion to 3.8 billion years ago in a river channel feeding the lake ​that once filled ⁠Jezero Crater.

The Lac de Charmes terrain, Lee said, may yield clues to early planetary geological processes, such as the effects of large meteorite impacts. Jezero Crater was formed by such an impact early in Martian history.

Lee cited orbital evidence that some areas of the rim were once hydrothermal systems with warm or hot groundwater.

“These areas may ⁠once have provided ​a warm, watery subsurface environment conducive to life,” he added. “Indeed, some paleontologists hypothesize that life ​on Earth began in such environments.”

The rover’s original mission envisaged just 12.4 miles (20 km) of driving. NASA recently approved an extension of its mission to explore the crater rim until roughly the end of ​2028.

The rover’s plutonium-based power system is performing as expected, Lee said, adding it has “many years of useful energy still available.”

Russia has warned that the return of US military infrastructure to Afghanistan would pose a direct threat to all countries in the region, as Moscow continues to strengthen security and economic cooperation with Kabul.

Alexander Venediktov, deputy secretary of Russia’s Security Council, said the United States had made no secret of its plans to restore military infrastructure in Afghanistan.

“The emergence of such a foothold would pose a direct threat to all countries in the region,” Venediktov said, according to a statement from the Russian Security Council’s press service.

He said Russia’s security dialogue with Kabul also aimed to prevent the return of military infrastructure belonging to countries outside the region.

Venediktov described cooperation with Afghanistan as multifaceted and in line with Russia’s national interests, both in terms of security and efforts to establish a peaceful and stable Eurasian region.

He added that Russia was not alone in engaging with Afghanistan’s current leadership, noting that almost all countries in the region maintained direct contacts with Kabul.

Venediktov also said the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) was discussing the restoration of cooperation with Afghanistan through a previously established contact group.

According to the Russian official, Moscow-Kabul relations were developing across several channels, including foreign ministries, government institutions and business communities.

He said the two sides had also established a bilateral working group on trade and economic cooperation, while efforts were underway to strengthen the legal framework governing their relations.

Venediktov added that economic cooperation with Kabul was important for advancing regional transport and energy projects.