Science & Technology
Astronomers spot galaxy shaped like the Milky Way but is far more massive
Astronomers have observed a galaxy dating to an earlier epoch in the universe’s history that surprisingly is shaped much like our Milky Way – a spiral structure with a straight bar of stars and gas running through its center – but far more massive, offering new insight into galactic formation.
The distant galaxy, called J0107a, was observed as it appeared 11.1 billion years ago, when the universe was about a fifth of its current age. The researchers used data from the Chile-based Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to study the galaxy, Reuters reported.
They determined that the galaxy’s mass, including its stars and gas, was more than 10 times greater than that of the Milky Way, and it was forming stars at an annual rate approximately 300 times greater. J0107a was more compact than the Milky Way, however.
“The galaxy is a monster galaxy with a high star formation rate and plenty of gas, much more than present-day galaxies,” said astronomer Shuo Huang of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, lead author of the study published this week in the journal Nature, opens new tab.
“This discovery,” said study co-author Toshiki Saito, an astronomer at Shizuoka University in Japan, “raises the important question: How did such a massive galaxy form in such an early universe?”
While a few galaxies that are undergoing star formation at a similar rate to J0107a exist in today’s universe, almost all of them are ones that are in the process of a galactic merger or collision. There was no sign of such circumstances involving this galaxy.
J0107a and the Milky Way have some commonalities.
“They are similarly huge and possess a similar barred structure. However, the Milky Way had plenty of time to form its huge structures, while J0107a didn’t,” Saito said.
In the first few billion years after the Big Bang event 13.8 billion years ago that initiated the universe, galaxies were turbulent entities and were much richer in gas than those existing currently – factors that fostered extreme bursts of star formation. While galaxies with highly organized structures like the barred spiral shape of the Milky Way are common now, that was not the case 11.1 billion years ago.
“Compared to other monster galaxies in the distant universe (dating to an earlier cosmic epoch) whose shapes are usually disturbed or irregular, it is unexpected that J0107a looks very similar to present-day spiral galaxies,” Huang said.
“Theories about the formation of present-day galactic structures may need to be revised,” Huang added.
The Webb telescope, as it peers across vast distances back to the early universe, has found that galaxies with a spiral shape appeared much earlier than previously known. J0107a is now one of the earliest-known examples of a barred spiral galaxy.
About two thirds of spiral galaxies observed in the universe today possess a bar structure. The bar is thought to serve as a form of stellar nursery, bringing gas inward from the galaxy’s spiral arms. Some of the gas forms what are called molecular clouds. Gravity causes the contraction of these clouds, with small centers taking shape that heat up and become new stars.
The bar that is part of J0107a measures about 50,000 light years in length, Huang said. A light-year is the distance light travels in a year, 5.9 trillion miles (9.5 trillion km).
The Webb telescope “has been studying the morphology of early massive galaxies intensely recently. However, their dynamics are still poorly understood,” Saito said.
Science & Technology
Astronomers discover white dwarf surrounded by two rings of planetary debris
Astronomers have discovered a white dwarf star surrounded by two distinct rings of planetary debris, offering new insights into what may happen to planetary systems, including our own, when their host stars reach the end of their lives.
The star, identified as J1328−1450, is located about 1,600 light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. Observations made using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile revealed an unusual arrangement of dust and gas around the star.
According to researchers, the debris appears to form two separate rings, a structure not previously observed around any of the 21 white dwarfs known to have surrounding planetary debris.
The scientists believe that two relatively large rocky bodies may have survived the star’s transformation into a white dwarf and could be responsible for shaping the surrounding material. One of these objects may be roughly the size of Pluto, while the other is smaller.
Researchers say the discovery provides further evidence that some rocky planetary bodies can survive the dramatic changes that occur when a star exhausts its fuel and expands into a red giant.
The findings, published in the journal *Nature Astronomy*, suggest that the original star may once have hosted a planetary system. During its expansion, it likely engulfed some of its innermost planets, while more distant objects survived.
Over time, gravitational forces may have pulled some of these surviving bodies closer to the white dwarf, tearing them apart and scattering their material into surrounding rings of dust and gas.
Astronomers also found differences in the chemical composition of the two rings, particularly in their magnesium content, suggesting that they may have originated from different rocky bodies or from different layers of a disrupted object.
The discovery could offer a glimpse into the distant future of our own solar system. Scientists estimate that in about five billion years, the Sun will expand into a red giant before shedding its outer layers and becoming a white dwarf.
During this process, Mercury and Venus are expected to be engulfed, while the fate of Earth remains uncertain. More distant planets, including Jupiter and Saturn, are expected to have a greater chance of surviving.
Researchers say that, after the Sun becomes a white dwarf, surviving planets, moons and asteroids could also be pulled towards it and broken apart by its intense gravitational force.
They suggest that the newly observed system may represent one possible stage in the far-distant future of our solar system.
Science & Technology
Binance says it has covered $6 billion of $6.3 billion stolen in hack
The US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said on Saturday the North Korean state-sponsored unit known as TraderTraitor was responsible for the attack.
Binance, the world’s biggest cryptocurrency exchange, said it has covered $6 billion of the $6.3 billion stolen from its platform by using company money to buy replacement tokens, after a hack that US officials said was carried out by a North Korean state-sponsored unit known as TraderTraitor.
“We had already covered $6B of the impacted amount of the hacked loss,” Binance said on X on Saturday, after saying earlier that it had covered 90% of the stolen funds, Reuters reported.
The remaining amount, now less than 10%, consists of assets that are less liquid and may take longer to source in the required amounts, according to Binance.
The US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said on Saturday the North Korean state-sponsored unit known as TraderTraitor was responsible for the attack.
North Korea has for years denied using state-linked cyber units for espionage, financial theft and revenue. Its mission in Geneva and embassy in China did not respond to requests for comment.
Members of the unit were observed by law enforcement converting stolen assets into the cryptocurrency ethereum, the FBI said in a statement, adding that it expects “further laundering” of the assets through the use of related technology.
Analysts had previously blamed North Korea and said it could be the largest financial heist of all time.
Binance has been working with industry partners to freeze some of the affected assets, with about $3 billion located as of Friday.
The company has repeatedly said it would bear the financial impact of the funds stolen in the hack.
The money spent re-buying tokens came from using part of its $1 billion Secure Asset Fund for Users (SAFU), a bitcoin reserve it holds to protect customers in the event of security breaches, as well as some of its Futures Insurance Fund, and the company’s own corporate treasury, it said on X.
Co-CEO Yi He said on Saturday that 50% of its SAFU funds would be used, while the company said it was committing to replenishing the fund to return it to about $1 billion.
Crypto prices fell on Friday, while Binance sought to reassure customers that their funds were safe after the hack.
Co-CEO Richard Teng had said that the breach was a “complex attack” involving a compromised laptop and malicious software designed to delete evidence of its activity, making it harder to trace and investigate.
After the hack, the exchange stopped allowing customers to withdraw their funds, but it said on Saturday it was still on track to reopen withdrawals on Sunday.
Withdrawals were not open as of 02:50 GMT on Sunday.
Binance said it has set aside around $6.34 billion of company funds internally to cover the losses.
Binance also said it had taken a new snapshot of assets held on its platform as of 0000 GMT on October 31, as part of its proof-of-reserves process.
Users holding the 10 listed tokens — BTC, ETH, USDT, BNB, SOL, USDC, XRP, USD1, RLUSD, and ZEC — would be able to verify that their assets were backed at a minimum ratio of 1:1 once the full proof was available, it said.
Science & Technology
Governments take websites offline as critical cyber flaws trigger global alert
Security patches were released prompting authorities to urge organisations to update affected systems immediately or take vulnerable services offline until they could be secured.
Governments and organisations across Europe and beyond have taken websites and online services offline after the discovery of two critical vulnerabilities in widely used web software triggered an international cyber-security alert.
The vulnerabilities affect PHP, a programming language used extensively to operate websites and online applications. Attackers could potentially exploit the flaws to execute malicious code remotely on vulnerable servers, threatening sensitive information and digital infrastructure.
Security patches were released on Wednesday, October 21, prompting authorities to urge organisations to update affected systems immediately or take vulnerable services offline until they could be secured.
The Netherlands, Finland, France, Belgium and Germany have also reported precautionary shutdowns affecting government websites and other public-facing services.
In the Netherlands, affected platforms included Overheid.nl, MijnOverheid.nl and DigiD. The country’s National Cyber Security Centre also temporarily took its own website offline.
Finland’s state IT services provider, Valtori, suspended public government web services as a precaution, while France’s Interior Ministry temporarily took the websites of local administrative authorities offline.
In Belgium, the Foreign Ministry took its websites offline amid concerns about potential exploitation, although the country’s cybersecurity centre said it had not observed attacks on Belgian websites at the time.
Germany’s federal IT service provider also temporarily disabled several websites, with officials saying the measure was precautionary and no security incidents were known to have occurred.
The disruption extended beyond government agencies. Websites and online services belonging to hospitals, educational platforms and other organisations were also affected, highlighting the potential reach of vulnerabilities in widely deployed software.
In Australia, the Australian Cyber Security Centre’s website, cyber.gov.au, was among the government services affected by the security alert. Australian authorities said they were not aware of active exploitation of the vulnerabilities.
In the United States, the National Security Agency and other cybersecurity authorities urged organisations to prepare for immediate updates and take vulnerable systems offline if they could not be secured promptly. The Wikimedia Foundation, which operates Wikipedia, also took some systems offline as a precaution while addressing the flaws.
Cybersecurity company Cloudflare reported seeing early attacks associated with the vulnerabilities, although reports of exploitation do not establish that every affected organisation suffered a breach.
The incident highlights the risks created by the internet’s reliance on shared software. PHP is used across a substantial proportion of websites, meaning a single vulnerability can affect organisations in multiple countries and sectors simultaneously.
Security specialists have urged website operators to identify affected systems, install the relevant patches and examine server logs for signs of unauthorised access. Applying an update may prevent further exploitation, but organisations must also investigate whether attackers gained access before their systems were secured.
Authorities have not established that all affected websites were breached. The precautionary shutdowns are intended to reduce exposure while administrators apply fixes and verify that their systems are safe to restore.
The alert has underscored the challenge facing governments and businesses in responding to critical software vulnerabilities that can rapidly become an international security concern.
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