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James Webb Space Telescope images reveal the wonders of the universe

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It is no exaggeration to say the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents a new era for modern astronomy.

Launched on December 25 last year and fully operational since July, the telescope offers glimpses of the universe that were inaccessible to us before. Like the Hubble Space Telescope, the JWST is in space, so it can take pictures with stunning detail free from the distortions of Earth’s atmosphere, interestingengineering.com reported.

However, while Hubble is in orbit around Earth at an altitude of 540km, the JWST is 1.5 million kilometers distant, far beyond the Moon. From this position, away from the interference of our planet’s reflected heat, it can collect light from across the universe far into the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

This ability, when combined with the JWST’s larger mirror, state-of-the-art detectors, and many other technological advances, allows astronomers to look back to the universe’s earliest epochs.

As the universe expands, it stretches the wavelength of light traveling toward us, making more distant objects appear redder. At great enough distances, the light from a galaxy is shifted entirely out of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum to the infrared. The JWST is able to probe such sources of light right back to the earliest times, nearly 14 billion years ago, read the report.

According to interestingengineering.com, the Hubble telescope continues to be a great scientific instrument and can see at optical wavelengths where the JWST cannot. But the Webb telescope can see much further into the infrared with greater sensitivity and sharpness.

The website has highlighted ten images that have demonstrated the staggering power of this new window to the universe.

1. Mirror alignment complete


Despite years of testing on the ground, an observatory as complex as the JWST required extensive configuration and testing once deployed in the cold and dark of space.

One of the biggest tasks was getting the 18 hexagonal mirror segments unfolded and aligned to within a fraction of a wavelength of light. In March, NASA released the first image (centered on a star) from the fully aligned mirror. Although it was just a calibration image, astronomers immediately compared it to existing images of that patch of sky – with considerable excitement.

2. Spitzer vs. MIRI


This early image, taken while all the cameras were being focused, clearly demonstrates the step change in data quality that JWST brings over its predecessors.

On the left is an image from the Spitzer telescope, a space-based infrared observatory with an 85cm mirror; the right, the same field from JWST’s mid-infrared MIRI camera and 6.5m mirror. The resolution and ability to detect much fainter sources is on show here, with hundreds of galaxies visible that were lost in the noise of the Spitzer image. This is what a bigger mirror situated out in the deepest, coldest dark can do.

3. The first galaxy cluster image


The galaxy cluster with the prosaic name of SMACS J0723.3–7327 was a good choice for the first color images released to the public from the JWST.

The field is crowded with galaxies of all shapes and colors. The combined mass of this enormous galaxy cluster, over 4 billion light years away, bends space in such a way that light from distant sources in the background is stretched and magnified, an effect known as gravitational lensing.

These distorted background galaxies can be clearly seen as lines and arcs throughout this image. The field is already spectacular in Hubble images (left), but the JWST near-infrared image (right) reveals a wealth of extra detail, including hundreds of distant galaxies too faint or too red to be detected by its predecessor.

4. Stephan’s Quintet


These images depict a spectacular group of galaxies known as Stephan’s Quintet, a group that has long been of interest to astronomers studying the way colliding galaxies interact with one another gravitationally.

On the left we see the Hubble view, and the right the JWST mid-infrared view. The inset shows the power of the new telescope, with a zoom-in on a small background galaxy. In the Hubble image we see some bright star-forming regions, but only with the JWST does the full structure of this and surrounding galaxies reveal itself.

5. The Pillars of Creation


The so-called Pillars of Creation is one of the most famous images in all of astronomy, taken by Hubble in 1995. It demonstrated the extraordinary reach of a space-based telescope.

It depicts a star-forming region in the Eagle Nebula, where interstellar gas and dust provide the backdrop to a stellar nursery teeming with new stars. The image on the right, taken with the JWST’s near-infrared camera (NIRCam), demonstrates a further advantage of infrared astronomy: the ability to peer through the shroud of dust and see what lies within and behind.

6. The ‘Hourglass’ Protostar


This image depicts another act of galactic creation within the Milky Way. This hourglass-shaped structure is a cloud of dust and gas surrounding a star in the act of formation – a protostar called L1527.

Only visible in the infrared, an “accretion disk” of material falling in (the black band in the center) will eventually enable the protostar to gather enough mass to start fusing hydrogen, and a new star will be born.

In the meantime, light from the still-forming star illuminates the gas above and below the disk, making the hourglass shape. Our previous view of this came from Spitzer; the amount of detail is once again an enormous leap ahead.

7. Jupiter in infrared


The Webb telescope’s mission includes imaging the most distant galaxies from the beginning of the universe, but it can look a little closer to home as well.

Although JWST cannot look at Earth or the inner Solar System planets – as it must always face away from the Sun – it can look outward at the more distant parts of our Solar System. This near-infrared image of Jupiter is a beautiful example, as we gaze deep into the structure of the gas giant’s clouds and storms. The glow of auroras at both the northern and southern poles is haunting.

This image was extremely difficult to achieve due to the fast motion of Jupiter across the sky relative to the stars and because of its fast rotation. The success proved the Webb telescope’s ability to track difficult astronomical targets extremely well.

8. The Phantom Galaxy


These images of the so-called Phantom Galaxy or M74 reveal the power of JWST not only as the latest and greatest of astronomical instruments but as a valuable complement to other great tools. The middle panel here combines visible light from Hubble with infrared from Webb, allowing us to see how starlight (via Hubble) and gas and dust (via JWST) together shape this remarkable galaxy.

Much JWST science is designed to be combined with Hubble’s optical views and other imaging to leverage this principle.

9. A super-distant galaxy


Although this galaxy – the small, red blob in the right image – is not among the most spectacularly picturesque our universe has to offer, it is just as interesting scientifically.

This snapshot is from when the universe was a mere 350 million years old, making this among the very first galaxies ever to have formed. Understanding the details of how such galaxies grow and merge to create galaxies like our own Milky Way 13 billion years later is a key question, and one with many remaining mysteries, making discoveries like this highly sought after.

It is also a view only the JWST can achieve. Astronomers did not know quite what to expect; an image of this galaxy taken with Hubble would appear blank, as the light of the galaxy is stretched far into the infrared by the expansion of the universe.

10. This giant mosaic of Abell 2744


This image is a mosaic (many individual images stitched together) centered on the giant Abell 2744 galaxy cluster, colloquially known as “Pandora’s Cluster”. The sheer number and variety of sources that the JWST can detect are mind-boggling; with the exception of a handful of foreground stars, every spot of light represents an entire galaxy.

In a patch of dark sky no larger than a fraction of the full Moon there are umpteen thousands of galaxies, really bringing home the sheer scale of the universe we inhabit.

Professional and amateur astronomers alike can spend hours scouring this image for oddities and mysteries.

Over the coming years, JWST’s ability to look so deep and far back into the universe will allow us to answer many questions about how we came to be. Just as exciting are the discoveries and questions we cannot yet foresee. When you peel back the veil of time as only this new telescope can, these unknown unknowns are certain to be fascinating, interestingengineering.com reported.

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Astronomers discover white dwarf surrounded by two rings of planetary debris

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Astronomers have discovered a white dwarf star surrounded by two distinct rings of planetary debris, offering new insights into what may happen to planetary systems, including our own, when their host stars reach the end of their lives.

The star, identified as J1328−1450, is located about 1,600 light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. Observations made using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile revealed an unusual arrangement of dust and gas around the star.

According to researchers, the debris appears to form two separate rings, a structure not previously observed around any of the 21 white dwarfs known to have surrounding planetary debris.

The scientists believe that two relatively large rocky bodies may have survived the star’s transformation into a white dwarf and could be responsible for shaping the surrounding material. One of these objects may be roughly the size of Pluto, while the other is smaller.

Researchers say the discovery provides further evidence that some rocky planetary bodies can survive the dramatic changes that occur when a star exhausts its fuel and expands into a red giant.

The findings, published in the journal *Nature Astronomy*, suggest that the original star may once have hosted a planetary system. During its expansion, it likely engulfed some of its innermost planets, while more distant objects survived.

Over time, gravitational forces may have pulled some of these surviving bodies closer to the white dwarf, tearing them apart and scattering their material into surrounding rings of dust and gas.

Astronomers also found differences in the chemical composition of the two rings, particularly in their magnesium content, suggesting that they may have originated from different rocky bodies or from different layers of a disrupted object.

The discovery could offer a glimpse into the distant future of our own solar system. Scientists estimate that in about five billion years, the Sun will expand into a red giant before shedding its outer layers and becoming a white dwarf.

During this process, Mercury and Venus are expected to be engulfed, while the fate of Earth remains uncertain. More distant planets, including Jupiter and Saturn, are expected to have a greater chance of surviving.

Researchers say that, after the Sun becomes a white dwarf, surviving planets, moons and asteroids could also be pulled towards it and broken apart by its intense gravitational force.

They suggest that the newly observed system may represent one possible stage in the far-distant future of our solar system.

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Binance says it has covered $6 billion of $6.3 billion stolen in hack

The US Federal Bureau ⁠of Investigation (FBI) said on Saturday the North Korean state-sponsored unit known as TraderTraitor was responsible for the attack.

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Binance, the world’s biggest cryptocurrency exchange, said it has covered $6 billion ‌of the $6.3 billion stolen from its platform by using company money to buy replacement tokens, after a hack that US officials said was carried out by a North Korean state-sponsored unit known as TraderTraitor.

“We had already covered $6B of the impacted amount of the hacked loss,” Binance said on X on Saturday, after saying ​earlier that it had covered 90% of the stolen funds, Reuters reported.

The remaining amount, now less than 10%, consists of assets that are ​less liquid and may take longer to source in the required amounts, according to Binance.

The US Federal Bureau ⁠of Investigation (FBI) said on Saturday the North Korean state-sponsored unit known as TraderTraitor was responsible for the attack.

North Korea has for years ​denied using state-linked cyber units for espionage, financial theft and revenue. Its mission in Geneva and embassy in China did not respond to ​requests for comment.

Members of the unit were observed by law enforcement converting stolen assets into the cryptocurrency ethereum, the FBI said in a statement, adding that it expects “further laundering” of the assets through the use of related technology.

Analysts had previously blamed North Korea and said it could be the largest financial heist of all ​time.

Binance has been working with industry partners to freeze some of the affected assets, with about $3 billion located as of Friday.

The company has ​repeatedly said it would bear the financial impact of the funds stolen in the hack.

The money spent re-buying tokens came from using part of its $1 ‌billion Secure ⁠Asset Fund for Users (SAFU), a bitcoin reserve it holds to protect customers in the event of security breaches, as well as some of its Futures Insurance Fund, and the company’s own corporate treasury, it said on X.

Co-CEO Yi He said on Saturday that 50% of its SAFU funds would be used, while the company said it was committing to replenishing the fund to return it to about $1 billion.

Crypto prices fell on Friday, ​while Binance sought to reassure ​customers that their funds were safe ⁠after the hack.

Co-CEO Richard Teng had said that the breach was a “complex attack” involving a compromised laptop and malicious software designed to delete evidence of its activity, making it harder to trace and investigate.

After the ​hack, the exchange stopped allowing customers to withdraw their funds, but it said on Saturday it was ​still on track ⁠to reopen withdrawals on Sunday.

Withdrawals were not open as of 02:50 GMT on Sunday.

Binance said it has set aside around $6.34 billion of company funds internally to cover the losses.

Binance also said it had taken a new snapshot of assets held on its platform as of 0000 GMT on October ⁠31, as ​part of its proof-of-reserves process.

Users holding the 10 listed tokens — BTC, ETH, USDT, BNB, ​SOL, USDC, XRP, USD1, RLUSD, and ZEC — would be able to verify that their assets were backed at a minimum ratio of 1:1 once the full proof was available, ​it said.

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Governments take websites offline as critical cyber flaws trigger global alert

Security patches were released prompting authorities to urge organisations to update affected systems immediately or take vulnerable services offline until they could be secured.

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Governments and organisations across Europe and beyond have taken websites and online services offline after the discovery of two critical vulnerabilities in widely used web software triggered an international cyber-security alert.

The vulnerabilities affect PHP, a programming language used extensively to operate websites and online applications. Attackers could potentially exploit the flaws to execute malicious code remotely on vulnerable servers, threatening sensitive information and digital infrastructure.

Security patches were released on Wednesday, October 21, prompting authorities to urge organisations to update affected systems immediately or take vulnerable services offline until they could be secured.

The Netherlands, Finland, France, Belgium and Germany have also reported precautionary shutdowns affecting government websites and other public-facing services.

In the Netherlands, affected platforms included Overheid.nl, MijnOverheid.nl and DigiD. The country’s National Cyber Security Centre also temporarily took its own website offline.

Finland’s state IT services provider, Valtori, suspended public government web services as a precaution, while France’s Interior Ministry temporarily took the websites of local administrative authorities offline.

In Belgium, the Foreign Ministry took its websites offline amid concerns about potential exploitation, although the country’s cybersecurity centre said it had not observed attacks on Belgian websites at the time.

Germany’s federal IT service provider also temporarily disabled several websites, with officials saying the measure was precautionary and no security incidents were known to have occurred.

The disruption extended beyond government agencies. Websites and online services belonging to hospitals, educational platforms and other organisations were also affected, highlighting the potential reach of vulnerabilities in widely deployed software.

In Australia, the Australian Cyber Security Centre’s website, cyber.gov.au, was among the government services affected by the security alert. Australian authorities said they were not aware of active exploitation of the vulnerabilities.

In the United States, the National Security Agency and other cybersecurity authorities urged organisations to prepare for immediate updates and take vulnerable systems offline if they could not be secured promptly. The Wikimedia Foundation, which operates Wikipedia, also took some systems offline as a precaution while addressing the flaws.

Cybersecurity company Cloudflare reported seeing early attacks associated with the vulnerabilities, although reports of exploitation do not establish that every affected organisation suffered a breach.

The incident highlights the risks created by the internet’s reliance on shared software. PHP is used across a substantial proportion of websites, meaning a single vulnerability can affect organisations in multiple countries and sectors simultaneously.

Security specialists have urged website operators to identify affected systems, install the relevant patches and examine server logs for signs of unauthorised access. Applying an update may prevent further exploitation, but organisations must also investigate whether attackers gained access before their systems were secured.

Authorities have not established that all affected websites were breached. The precautionary shutdowns are intended to reduce exposure while administrators apply fixes and verify that their systems are safe to restore.

The alert has underscored the challenge facing governments and businesses in responding to critical software vulnerabilities that can rapidly become an international security concern.

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